Evolusi Rekayasa Biomaterial: Karakteristik dan Pemanfaatan dalam Dunia Medis
Keywords:
Biokompatibilitas, Biomaterial, Implan regeneratif, Rekayasa jaringan, Sistem penghantaran obatSynopsis
Dunia medis modern terus mengalami transformasi mendasar melalui persilangan antara ilmu material, biologi, dan rekayasa teknologi. Buku Evolusi Rekayasa Biomaterial: Karakteristik dan Pemanfaatan dalam Dunia Medis ini menyajikan panduan komprehensif mengenai bagaimana biomaterial berkembang dari sekadar implan mekanis sederhana hingga menjadi material cerdas yang mampu berinteraksi serta menyembuhkan jaringan tubuh manusia secara alami. Di dalamnya, pembahasannya mengupas secara mendalam fondasi struktur, sifat fisikokimia, dan respons biokompatibilitas berbagai jenis biomaterial—mulai dari polimer, keramik, logam, hingga material komposit modern dan nanomaterial. Melalui penelusuran rekam jejak evolusinya, buku ini memetakan pemanfaatan biomaterial pada berbagai inovasi medis terkini, seperti rekayasa jaringan (tissue engineering), sistem penghantaran obat (drug delivery systems), prostesis, hingga implan regeneratif. Tak hanya menyoroti keunggulannya, buku ini juga mengkritisi tantangan fabrikasi, regulasi, dan aspek keamanan interaksi material dengan sistem biologis di era kedokteran presisi. Ditulis secara sistematis dan lugas, karya ini menjadi rujukan krusial bagi akademisi, peneliti, mahasiswa, serta praktisi medis yang ingin memahami titik temu antara rekayasa material dan solusi kesehatan masa depan.
Order now
References
Abuchowski, A., McCoy, J. R., Palczuk, N. C., van Es, T., & Davis, F. F. (1977). Effect of covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol on immunogenicity and circulating life of bovine liver catalase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 252(11). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(17)40292-4
AKUTSU, T., DREYER, B., & KOLFF, W. J. (1959). Polyurethane artificial heart valves in animals. Journal of Applied Physiology, 14. https://doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1959.14.6.1045
Albrecht, T. R., Dovek, M. M., Lang, C. A., Grütter, P., Quate, C. F., Kuan, S. W. J., Frank, C. W., & Pease, R. F. W. (1988). Imaging and modification of polymers by scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy. Journal of Applied Physics, 64(3). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.341881
Apple, D. J. (2002). Sir Nicholas Harold Ridley, Kt, MD, FRCS, FRS. Archives of Ophthalmology, 120(9). https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.120.9.1198
Avouris, P. (1990). Atom-resolved surface chemistry using the scanning tunneling microscope. In Journal of Physical Chemistry (Vol. 94, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.1021/j100369a011
Barth, J. V., Brune, H., Ertl, G., & Behm, R. J. (1990). Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Observations on the Reconstructed Au(111) Surface. Physical Review B, 42(15).
Belu, A. M., Graham, D. J., & Castner, D. G. (2003). Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry: Techniques and applications for the characterization of biomaterial surfaces. In Biomaterials (Vol. 24, Issue 21). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0142-9612(03)00159-5
Blagg, C. R. (1998). Development of ethical concepts in dialysis: Seattle in the 1960s. Nephrology, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1797.1998.tb00353.x
Bobbio, A. (1972). The first endosseous alloplastic implant in the history of man. Bulletin of the History of Dentistry, 20(1).
Bolles, K. M., Cheng, F., Burk-Rafel, J., Dubey, M., & Ratner, D. M. (2010). Imaging analysis of carbohydrate-modified surfaces using tof-SIMS and spri. Materials, 3(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3073948
Boretos, J. W., & Pierce, W. S. (1967). Segmented polyurethane: A new elastomer for biomedical applications. Science, 158(3807). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.158.3807.1481
Bothe, R.T., Beaton, L.E. and Davenport, H. A. (1940). Reaction of Bone to Multiple Metallic Implants. Surgery, Gynecology and Obstetrics. Advance in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 71.
Brannon, R. M., Drugan, W. J., & Shen, Y. (1995). Requirements of thermodynamics in the analysis of elastic-plastic shock waves. Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids, 43(6). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(95)00009-8
Brison, J., Muramoto, S., & Castner, D. G. (2010). ToF-SIMS depth profiling of organic films: A comparison between single-beam and dual-beam analysis. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 114(12). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp9066179
Brison, J., Robinson, M. A., Benoit, D. S. W., Muramoto, S., Stayton, P. S., & Castner, D. G. (2013). TOF-SIMS 3D imaging of native and non-native species within hela cells. Analytical Chemistry, 85(22). https://doi.org/10.1021/ac402288d
Callister, W. D., & Rethwisch, D. G. (2015). Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering: An Integrated Approach. Wiley.
Campbell, C. K. (1989). Applications of Surface Acoustic and Shallow Bulk Acoustic Wave Devices. In Proceedings of the IEEE (Vol. 77, Issue 10). https://doi.org/10.1109/5.40664
Campbell, S. A., Smith, J. R., Jungblut, H., & Lewerenz, H. J. (2007). Protein imaging on a semiconducting substrate: A scanning tunnelling microscopy investigation. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 599(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelechem.2006.05.035
Castner, D. G. (2017). Biomedical surface analysis: Evolution and future directions (Review). Biointerphases, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.1116/1.4982169
Castner, D. G., & Ratner, B. D. (2002). Biomedical surface science: Foundations to frontiers. Surface Science, 500(1–3). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6028(01)01587-4
Chan, C. M., & Weng, L. T. (2016). Surface characterization of polymer blends by XPS and ToF-SIMS. In Materials (Vol. 9, Issue 8). https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9080655
Chen, J., Lee, J. W., Hernandez De Gatica, N. L., Burkhardt, C. A., Hercules, D. M., & Gardella, J. A. (2000). Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry studies of hydrolytic degradation kinetics at the surface of poly(glycolic acid). Macromolecules, 33(13). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma992148c
Chen, Z., Ward, R., Tian, Y., Malizia, F., Gracias, D. H., Shen, Y. R., & Somorjai, G. A. (2002). Interaction of fibrinogen with surfaces of end-group-modified polyurethanes: A surface-specific sum-frequency-generation vibrational spectroscopy study. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 62(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.10075
Chilkoti, A., Boland, T., Ratner, B. D., & Stayton, P. S. (1995). The relationship between ligand-binding thermodynamics and protein-ligand interaction forces measured by atomic force microscopy. Biophysical Journal, 69(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(95)80083-4
Chundawat, T. S., Verma, N., & Vaya, D. (2021). Development in synthesis and coating applications of polyurethane. Journal of the Chilean Chemical Society, 66(2). https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072021000205142
Chytrosz-Wrobel, P., Golda-Cepa, M., Stodolak-Zych, E., Rysz, J., & Kotarba, A. (2023). Effect of oxygen plasma-treatment on surface functional groups, wettability, and nanotopography features of medically relevant polymers with various crystallinities. Applied Surface Science Advances, 18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsadv.2023.100497
Clark, A. E., Hench, L. L., & Paschall, H. A. (1976). The influence of surface chemistry on implant interface histology: A theoretical basis for implant materials selection. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820100202
Comen, E. A., Budhu, S., Elhanati, Y., Page, D. B., Rasalan-Ho, T., Ritter, E., Wong, P., Plitas, G., Patil, S. S., Brogi, E., Jochelson, M., Bryce, Y., Solomon, S. B. S. B., Norton, L., Merghoub, T., McArthur, H. L., Mactier, M., McIntosh, S. A., Sharma, N., … Gravekamp, C. (2023). Immunomodulation of breast cancer via TLR7 agonist imiquimod and radiotherapy. Cryobiology, 14(2).
Crubezy, E., Murail, P., Girard, L., & Bernadou, J. P. (1998). False teeth of the Roman world [3]. In Nature (Vol. 391, Issue 6662). https://doi.org/10.1038/34067
Cutright, D. E., Hunsuck, E. E., & Beasley, J. D. (1971). Fracture reduction using a biodegradable material, polylactic acid. Journal of Oral Surgery (American Dental Association : 1965), 29(6).
Davies, M. C., & Lynn, R. A. P. (1990). Static secondary ion mass spectrometry of polymeric biomaterials. In Critical Reviews in Biocompatibility (Vol. 5, Issue 4).
Deng, J., Cohen, D. J., Berger, M. B., Sabalewski, E. L., McClure, M. J., Boyan, B. D., & Schwartz, Z. (2023). Osseointegration of Titanium Implants in a Botox-Induced Muscle Paralysis Rat Model Is Sensitive to Surface Topography and Semaphorin 3A Treatment. Biomimetics, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics8010093
Dera, R., Diliën, H., Billen, B., Gagliardi, M., Rahimi, N., Van Den Akker, N. M. S., Molin, D. G. M., Grandfils, C., Adriaensens, P., Guedens, W., & Cleij, T. J. (2019). Phosphodiester Hydrogels for Cell Scaffolding and Drug Release Applications. Macromolecular Bioscience, 19(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/mabi.201900090
Dubey, M., Emoto, K., Cheng, F., Gamble, L. J., Takahashi, H., Grainger, D. W., & Castner, D. G. (2009). Surface analysis of photolithographic patterns using ToF-SIMS and PCA. Surface and Interface Analysis, 41(8). https://doi.org/10.1002/sia.3056
Dufrêne, Y. F. (2004). Using nanotechniques to explore microbial surfaces. In Nature Reviews Microbiology (Vol. 2, Issue 6). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro905
Dufrêne, Y. F., Ando, T., Garcia, R., Alsteens, D., Martinez-Martin, D., Engel, A., Gerber, C., & Müller, D. J. (2017). Imaging modes of atomic force microscopy for application in molecular and cell biology. In Nature Nanotechnology (Vol. 12, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2017.45
EDGAHL, R. H., HUME, D. M., & SCHLANG, H. A. (1955). Plastic venous prostheses. Surgical Forum, 5.
Figarol, A., Olive, L., Joubert, O., Ferrari, L., Rihn, B. H., Sarry, F., & Beyssen, D. (2022). Biological Effects and Applications of Bulk and Surface Acoustic Waves on In Vitro Cultured Mammal Cells: New Insights. In Biomedicines (Vol. 10, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051166
Frazza, E. J., & Schmitt, E. E. (1971). A new absorbable suture. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.820050207
Friedman, M. H. F. (1944). A vehicle for the intravenous administration of fat-soluble hormones. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 29(5).
Früh, A., Rutkowski, S., Akimchenko, I. O., Tverdokhlebov, S. I., & Frueh, J. (2022). Orientation analysis of polymer thin films on metal surfaces via IR absorbance of the relative transition dipole moments. Applied Surface Science, 594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2022.153476
Gere, J. M. (2008). Mechanics of Materials. 6th ed. In Book.
Ginger, D. S., Zhang, H., & Mirkin, C. A. (2004). The Evolution of Dip-Pen Nanolithography. In Angewandte Chemie - International Edition (Vol. 43, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200300608
Gott, V. L., Whiffen, J. D., Dutton, R. C., Koepke, D. E., Daggett, R. L., & Young, W. P. (1964). 84. The anticlot properties of graphite coatings on artificial heart valves. Carbon, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(64)90374-4
Güner, A. T., & Meran, C. (2020). Ortopedik implantlarda kullanılan biyomalzemeler TT - Biomaterials used in orthopedic implants. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 26(1).
Harding, H. F. (1960). The voter decides. In Quarterly Journal of Speech (Vol. 46, Issue 4). https://doi.org/10.1080/00335636009382444
Herr, G. L. (2010). Biodesign: the process of innovating medical technologies. Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology / Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, 44(5). https://doi.org/10.2345/0899-8205-44.5.388
Hunt, S. A., & Rose, E. A. (2001). The REMATCH trial: Long-term use of a left ventricular assist device for end-stage heart failure. Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia : Orgão Oficial Da Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia = Portuguese Journal of Cardiology : An Official Journal of the Portuguese Society of Cardiology, 20(12).
Indrayani, I., Illiyyin, R. R., & Ropii, A. (2022). HUBUNGAN ANTARA HYGIENE SANITASI DENGAN KEBERADAAN BAKTERI ESCHERICHIA COLI PADA DEPOT AIR MINUM ISI ULANG (DAMIU) DI KECAMATAN SINDANGAGUNG DAN KECAMATAN LEBAKWANGI KABUPATEN KUNINGAN TAHUN 2022. Journal of Public Health Innovation, 3(01). https://doi.org/10.34305/jphi.v3i01.594
Jana, S., Tefft, B. J., Spoon, D. B., & Simari, R. D. (2014). Scaffolds for tissue engineering of cardiac valves. In Acta Biomaterialia (Vol. 10, Issue 7). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actbio.2014.03.014
Kaplan, J., & Rohrich, R. (2021). Breast implant illness: a topic in review. In Gland Surgery (Vol. 10, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.21037/gs-20-231
Keating, R. C. (1972). The Comparative Morphology of the Cochlospermaceae. III. The Flower and Pollen. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 59(2). https://doi.org/10.2307/2394760
Khan, M. A., Han, Y., Zhao, Y. F., Troggio, M., & Korban, S. S. (2012). A Multi-Population Consensus Genetic Map Reveals Inconsistent Marker Order among Maps Likely Attributed to Structural Variations in the Apple Genome. PLoS ONE, 7(11). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047864
Kucukler, M. (2023). Shear resistance and design of stainless steel plate girders in fire. Engineering Structures, 276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2022.115331
Kulkarni, R. K., Pani, K. C., Neuman, C., & Leonard, F. (1966). Polylactic Acid for Surgical Implants. Archives of Surgery, 93(5). https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1966.01330050143023
Lausmaa, J. (1996). Surface spectroscopic characterization of titanium implant materials. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena, 81(3). https://doi.org/10.1016/0368-2048(95)02530-8
Lausmaa, J., Kasemo, B., & Hansson, S. (1985). Accelerated oxide growth on titanium implants during autoclaving caused by fluorine contamination. Biomaterials, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-9612(85)90033-X
Lederman, M. (1987). Definitions in biomaterials : proceedings of a consensus conference of the European Society for Biomaterials, Chester, England, March 3-5, 1986 /. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 69(11).
Lysaght, M. J., & O’Loughlin, J. A. (2000). Demographic scope and economic magnitude of contemporary organ replacement therapies. ASAIO Journal, 46(5). https://doi.org/10.1097/00002480-200009000-00001
Merryman, W. D. (2008). Development of a tissue engineered heart valve for pediatrics: A case study in bioengineering ethics. Science and Engineering Ethics, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-008-9053-x
Meuwissen, T. H. E., Hayes, B. J., & Goddard, M. E. (2001). Prediction of total genetic value using genome-wide dense marker maps. Genetics, 157(4). https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/157.4.1819
Munson, R., & Black, A. (2013). The Elements of Reasoning. In JournaThel of Chemical Information and Modeling.
Muramoto, S., Graham, D. J., Wagner, M. S., Lee, T. G., Moon, D. W., & Castner, D. G. (2011). ToF-SIMS analysis of adsorbed proteins: Principal component analysis of the primary ion species effect on the protein fragmentation patterns. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 115(49). https://doi.org/10.1021/jp208035x
Newman, S. (2006). LOOKING BACKWARD, FACING FORWARD. Seismological Research Letters, 77(6). https://doi.org/10.1785/gssrl.77.6.643
Nofin, Lubis, S. M. Y., & Rosehan. (2023). THE EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SMAW WELDING RESULT WITH E-7024 ELECTRODE IN S45C MEDIUM CARBON STEEL. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2680(1). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0126483
Of, T., & Agreement, C. (1865). Elsevier science ltd. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 44(0).
Pei, S. L., & Chen, M. H. (2023). Comparison of periodontal health of primary teeth restored with zirconia and stainless steel crowns: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 122(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfma.2022.08.015
Péreź-Rigueiro, J., Viney, C., Llorca, J., & Elices, M. (1998). Silkworm silk as an engineering material. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 70(12). https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-4628(19981219)70:12<2439::aid-app16>3.0.co;2-j
Prez-Rigueiro, J., Elices, M., & Llorca, C. V. (2001). Tensile properties of Argiope trifasciata drag line silk obtained from the spider’s web. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 82(9). https://doi.org/10.1002/app.2072
Ratner, B. D. (1983). Analysis of Surface Contaminants on Intraocular Lenses. Archives of Ophthalmology, 101(9). https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1983.01040020436022
Ratner, B. D. (2011). The biocompatibility manifesto: Biocompatibility for the twenty-first century. In Journal of Cardiovascular Translational Research (Vol. 4, Issue 5). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12265-011-9287-x
Ratner, B. D., & Castner, D. G. (2020). Surface Properties and Surface Characterization of Biomaterials. In Biomaterials Science: An Introduction to Materials in Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816137-1.00006-4
Ratner, B. D., & McElroy, B. J. (2018). Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis: Applications in the biomedical sciences. In Spectroscopy in the Biomedical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351076838
Rodríguez-Galván, A., & Contreras-Torres, F. F. (2022). Scanning Tunneling Microscopy of Biological Structures: An Elusive Goal for Many Years. In Nanomaterials (Vol. 12, Issue 17). https://doi.org/10.3390/nano12173013
Rodriguez-Vargas, B. R., Stornelli, G., Hdz-García, H. M., Miranda Pérez, A. F., & Di Schino, A. (2025). Microstructural assesment of ferrite-austenite ratio and its influence on corrosion and mechanical performance of DSS 2205 welds under H2S-rich real environment. Materials Today Communications, 47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2025.113144
Safety of Silicone Breast Implants. (1999). In Safety of Silicone Breast Implants. https://doi.org/10.17226/9602
Saha, S., & Saha, P. (1987). BIOETHICS AND APPLIED BIOMATERIALS. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 21(A2 suppl). https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1097-4636.1987.tb00017.x
Sahoo, J. K., VandenBerg, M. A., & Webber, M. J. (2018). Injectable network biomaterials via molecular or colloidal self-assembly. In Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews (Vol. 127). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2017.11.005
Sharp, P. A., & Langer, R. (2011). Promoting convergence in biomedical science. In Science (Vol. 333, Issue 6042). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1205008
Siti Aisyah. (2024). Hubungan Penggunaan Kontrasepsi Implant Dengan Kenaikan Berat Badan Pada Wanita Usia Subur. Journal Of Midwifery Sempena Negeri, 4(1).
Surface and Interfacial Aspects of Biomedical Polymers. (1985). In Surface and Interfacial Aspects of Biomedical Polymers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8610-0
Umbach, E. (1992). Practical surface analysis. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(92)87016-d
Vickerman, J. C., & Gilmore, I. S. (2009). Surface Analysis - The Principal Techniques: Second Edition. In Surface Analysis - The Principal Techniques: Second Edition. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470721582
Wagner, M. S., & Castner, D. G. (2001). Characterization of adsorbed protein films by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry with principal component analysis. Langmuir, 17(15). https://doi.org/10.1021/la001209t
Wagner, M. S., McArthur, S. L., Shen, M., Horbett, T. A., & Castner, D. G. (2002). Limits of detection for time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): Detection of low amounts of adsorbed protein. Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.1163/156856202320253938
Wei, S., Kumar, P., Lau, K. B., Wuu, D., Liew, L. L., Wei, F., Teo, S. L., Cheong, A., Ng, C. K., Zhang, B., Tan, C. C., Wang, P., & Ramamurty, U. (2022). Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2.4 GPa grade maraging steel fabricated by laser powder bed fusion. Additive Manufacturing, 59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2022.103190
Yang, Y., Dejous, C., & Hallil, H. (2023). Trends and Applications of Surface and Bulk Acoustic Wave Devices: A Review. In Micromachines (Vol. 14, Issue 1). https://doi.org/10.3390/mi14010043
Yoon, Y., Lee, N., & Scadova, H. (2005). Myocardial regeneration with bone‐marrow‐derived stem cells. Biology of the Cell, 97(4). https://doi.org/10.1042/bc20040099
Zhang, B. L., Bianco, R. W., & Schoen, F. J. (2019). Preclinical Assessment of Cardiac Valve Substitutes: Current Status and Considerations for Engineered Tissue Heart Valves. In Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine (Vol. 6). https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2019.00072
Zhang, G. (2017). Introduction to integrative engineering: A computational approach to biomedical problems. In Introduction to Integrative Engineering: A Computational Approach to Biomedical Problems. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781315388465
Zhang, X., Gong, C., Akakuru, O. U., Su, Z., Wu, A., & Wei, G. (2019). The design and biomedical applications of self-assembled two-dimensional organic biomaterials. In Chemical Society Reviews (Vol. 48, Issue 23). https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cs01003j
Zhu, X., Xu, T., Peng, C., & Wu, S. (2022). Advances in MALDI Mass Spectrometry Imaging Single Cell and Tissues. In Frontiers in Chemistry (Vol. 9). https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.782432
Zitelli, C., Folgarait, P., & Di Schino, A. (2019). Laser powder bed fusion of stainless steel grades: A review. In Metals (Vol. 9, Issue 7). https://doi.org/10.3390/met9070731
Published
License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.